King of Israel: r. 931–910 BCE: Rehoboam King of Judah: r. 931–913 BCE: Uriel: Nadab King of Israel: r. 910–909 BCE: Baasha King of Israel: r. 909–886 BCE: Macaah: Elah King of Israel: r. 886–885 BCE? The existence of kingship in heaven also supports that system of government on earth, as it implies that it is part of the way the universe is structured: kingship is written in the stars, as it were. It can no longer be argued that the Kingdom of Judah developed only in the late eighth century BCE or at some other later date. The practice derives from a desire to avoid having to discard an item on which the name of the deity is written, as it could be perceived as a desecration if the name were spelled out in full. His mother's name was Jedidah daughter of ... View more, Josiah's Reformation1Then the king directed that all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem should be gathered to him.2The king went up to the house of the Lord, an ... View more, Municipal Judges and Officers18You shall appoint judges and officials throughout your tribes, in all your towns that the Lord your God is giving you, and they ... View more, 1and the Lord sent Nathan to David. [28] Some modern archaeologists, however, believe that the two distinct cultures and geographic entities of Judah and Israel continued uninterrupted, and if a political union between them existed, it might have had no practical effect on their relationship. Modern archaeology also supports that view. In identifying both sources, two separate accounts can be reconstructed. 2:9. Throughout the monarchy of Saul, the capital is in Gibeah. Bathsheba and orders that Solomon be anointed king over Israel and Judah. The formation of kingship in Israel, hence, constitutes not only a significant event in Israelite history but in the history of humankind in general.    |    Terms of Use [23], Israel Finkelstein, in 2020, considers that Saul, originally from the Benjamin territory had gained power in his natal Gibeon region around 10th century BCE, and that he conquered Jerusalem in the south and Shechem to the north, creating a polity dangerous to Egypt´s geopolitical intentions. The king is to study the Torah daily under the supervision of the levitical priests so that he might observe Yhwh’s commandments properly and understand his proper role as king. years old when he began to reign; and he reigned . [citation needed], David is succeeded by his son Solomon, who obtains the throne in a somewhat-disreputable manner from the rival claimant Adonijah, his elder brother. Most of the non-Israelite provinces became independent. When David commits adultery with Bathsheba and engineers the murder of her husband, the prophet Nathan condemns him, although Yhwh forgives David when he repents (2Sam 12). Finkelstein claimed that the Biblical narrative was likely invented under the reign of King Josiah to justify his expansion and that the historical united monarchy was the inspiration. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south. He came to him, and said to him, “There were two men in a certain city, the one rich and the other poor.2The rich man had ve ... View more, Naboth's Vineyard1Later the following events took place: Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard in Jezreel, beside the palace of King Ahab of Samaria.2And Ahab s ... View more. They followed in the ways of the first king Jeroboam I who was an idol worshipper. Kings of the United Kingdom (c 1025-925 BC) King Relationship to Previous King God's Judgment; Saul: none: did evil: Ishbosheth* son: David: none son-in-law of Saul (1 Sam. They were expected to observe his covenant and laws, to defend the nation and engage in offensive war when deemed necessary, and to rule the people with justice (mishpat) and righteousness (tsedaqah). "[7], Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, c. 1050-930 BCE, This article uses the term "Israelite" as defined by, "Bible Gateway passage: Ezekiel 8 - New International Version", "1 Kings 11:5 Solomon followed Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians and Molech the abomination of the Ammonites", "2 Kings 23:13 The king also desecrated the high places east of Jerusalem, to the south of the Mount of Corruption, which King Solomon of Israel had built for Ashtoreth the abomination of the Sidonians, for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and for Molech the abomination of the Ammonites", "Jeremiah 11:13 Your gods are indeed as numerous as your cities, O Judah, and the altars of shame you have set up--the altars to burn incense to Baal--are as many as the streets of Jerusalem", "Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report", "Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation", "Philistine city of Gath a lot more powerful than thought, archaeologists suggest", "Meet the Real King David, the One the Bible Didn't Want You to Know About", "Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem", "The Jewish temples: Jerusalem in the First Temple Period (1006–586 BCE)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)&oldid=996315079, States and territories established in the 11th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 10th century BC, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Son-in-law of Saul, brother-in-law of Ish-boseth, This page was last edited on 25 December 2020, at 21:04. Kingship in Israel, Judah, and the Ancient Near East. 1 2 Sam. The people had to respect the office of the monarch: Exod 22:27 forbids the people from cursing G-d or the prince (nasi, a term sometimes used for the monarch). [citation needed], According to the Second Book of Samuel, Saul's disobedience prompts God to curtail his reign and to hand his kingdom over to another dynasty. The notion that the monarchy was an institution alien to Israel arose from the combination of Alt’s thesis that kingship was the result of external, Philistine threat and interpretations of the biblical material as anti-monarchic (e.g., Westermann sees brothers’ response to Joseph’s dreams as anti-monarchic material, Gen 37). David, second king of ancient Israel and an important figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Ideally the kingship and commonwealth of Israel were to have been a theocracy. After Solomon's death the kingdom divided into northern (Israel) and southern (Judah) segments. For more on Christ the King, read Christ the King: A Lasting Dominion. The concept originated in prehistoric times, but it continues to exert a recognizable influence in the modern world. [citation needed], David and Saul become bitter enemies, at least from Saul's point of view, but sources describe Jonathan, Saul's son, and Michal, Saul's daughter and David's first wife, as assisting David to escape Saul, which ultimately leads to a brief reconciliation before Saul's death. [cited 25 Dec 2020]. According to the Book of Judges, before the rise of the united monarchy the Israelite tribes lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders, called judges. Origins of Kingship. And when these courts failed, the prophets stepped in.    |    Donate, https://www.bibleodyssey.org:443/en/passages/related-articles/rights-and-duties-of-kingship-in-israel, The Constitution of the Monarchy in Israel, The Just King: Monarchical Judicial Authority in Ancient Israel. But more important, the book of Deuteronomy provides many rules to limit the king’s power (Deut 17:14-20): the king must be from the people of Israel and chosen by their deity; he must not multiply horses for himself or send the people back to Egypt to acquire them; he must not multiply wives for himself; and he must not acquire excessive silver and gold for himself. Abimelech, the first judge to be declared king by the men of Shechem and the house of Millo (Bet Millo), reigned over Israel for three years until he was killed during the Battle of Thebez. Was There a Lions’ Den? (1 Samuel 30:17), cavalry (as distinct from chariotry) (1 Samuel 13:5, 2 Samuel 1:6), and iron picks and axes (as if they were common) (2 Samuel 12:31). Some scholars today use only the consonants to recognize the lost original pronunciation or to respect religious tradition. The kings of Israel and Judah were believed to serve as Yhwh ’s agents to rule the nation. In antiquity, Jews stopped saying the name as a sign of reverence. Israel and Judah are portrayed in the later source as quite-distinct kingdoms. [citation needed], Prior to the ascension of Saul, the city of Shiloh is seen as the national capital, at least in the religious sense. Online: https://www.bibleodyssey.org:443/en/passages/related-articles/rights-and-duties-of-kingship-in-israel, Marvin A. Sweeney The question of whether God was originally in favor of theinstitution of kingship in Israel has received much attention among biblicalscholars, but often the conclusions reached are less than satisfactory. Parameters include their number in the list of kings, the length of their reign, the cause of their reign's end and notable actions they performed. Friction over these rights of the king, especially the right to forced labor, may even have led to the dissolution of the united monarchy (1Kgs 12:1-19). Alternative Title: divine kingship Sacred kingship, religious and political concept by which a ruler is seen as an incarnation, manifestation, mediator, or agent of the sacred or holy (the transcendent or supernatural realm).    |    Privacy Policy [34], The name ... signifies the people composed of [Jacob's] descendants (the "children of Israel"), being applied (a) to the whole people (including Judah) ... [but] (b) with the division of the kingdom after the death of Solomon, to the Northern Kingdom only. David dies in 970 B.C. Some scholars debate whether there was really a united period or whether the two kingdoms were always separate. [citation needed] Solomon's reign (c. 961 to 922 BCE)[27] proves to be a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity and cultural development. [16], According to Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, the authors of The Bible Unearthed, ideas of a united monarchy are not accurate history but "creative expressions of a powerful religious reform movement" that are possibly "based on certain historical kernels. For over 200 years, Israel was divided into two parallel monarchies, until the Northern (non-Davidic) kingdom was exiled by a succession of Assyrian kings. THE BOOKS OF SAMUEL These books describe the rise and development of kingship in Israel. The historicity of the conquest described in the Book of Samuel is not attested, and many scholars regard the conquest as legendary in origin, particularly because of the lack of evidence for the battles described involving the destruction of the Canaanite peoples. For example, there is mention of later armour (1 Samuel 17:4–7, 38–39; 25:13), use of camels. The formation of kingship in … Most scholars believe that Samuel was compiled in the 8th century BCE, rather than the 10th century, when most of the events described took place, based on both historical and legendary sources. According to the Torah, kings were not in charge of the judicial system. (i) The king would take their daughters to be perfumers and cooks in his palace. His son Solomon also reigns for 40 years until 930 B.C. This is a tabular list of the Kings of the Kingdom of Israel. In fact, God built human kingship into creation itself. [citation needed], Many alternative chronologies have been suggested, and there is no ultimate consensus between the different factions and scholarly disciplines concerned with the period as to when it is depicted as having begun or when it ended. (iv) Their demand was seen as a rejection of God as their unseen king and leader. KINGSHIP IN ISRAEL: Hebrew Ideals of Kingship. David was king of Judah only but ends the conspiracy and is appointed king of Israel in Ishbaal's place. Israel grows from kingdom to empire, its military and political sphere of influence expanding to control the weaker client states of Philistia, Moab, Edom and Ammon, with Aramaean city-states Aram-Zobah and Aram-Damascus becoming vassal states. There are many proponents to this view. "All Israel" means the northern tribes, all the tribes except Judah (v. 10). Samuel is a pivotal figure. The United Monarchy (Hebrew: הממלכה המאוחדת‎) is the name given to the Israelite[a] kingdom of Israel and Judah,[8][9][10] during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. I have often expressed my admiration for Saul as a man and as a father. and two years over Israel.2Saul chose three thousand out of Isr ... View more, 29About that time, when Jeroboam was leaving Jerusalem, the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite found him on the road. Evidence of division among the tribes is already apparent in 1 Sam. Solomon embarks on an aggressive campaign of public building and erects the First Temple in Jerusalem with assistance from the King of Tyre with whom he has maintained the strong alliance that was forged by his father. Marvin A. Sweeney, "Rights and Duties of Kingship in Israel", n.p. A variant way of writing the word for the biblical deity, meant to display piety by avoiding spelling out the name in full. Increasing pressure from the Philistines and other neighboring peoples is said to have forced the Israelites to unite as a state after the anointing of Saul by Samuel. 2Kgs 22 portrays King Josiah’s officers reading a newly discovered Torah scroll to him, and he subsequently declares a program of religious reform and national restoration in Judah and Israel (2Kgs 23:1-31). Characteristic of a deity (a god or goddess). "[11], On the other hand, Amélie Kuhrt acknowledges that "there are no royal inscriptions from the time of the united monarchy (indeed very little written material altogether), and not a single contemporary reference to either David or Solomon," but she concludes, "Against this must be set the evidence for substantial development and growth at several sites, which is plausibly related to the tenth century. Israel eventually did exercise this option about 350 years later, and Saul from the tribe of Benjamin became the nation's first human king. Elijah the prophet told him he would never leave his bed and would die on it. Death: He fell through the lattice of his upper room and injured himself. [25] His heir, Ishbaal, rules for only two years before being assassinated. David is forced into exile east of the Jordan[citation needed] but eventually launches a successful counterattack, which results in the loss of Absalom. This is traditionally dated between 1047 BCE and 930 BCE. He was the father of Solomon and united the tribes of Israel. [citation needed], The Kingdom of Israel, Northern Kingdom or Samaria, existed as an independent state until 722 BCE, when it was conquered by the Assyrian Empire. Biblical law codes provide some instruction about kingship. The notion of kingship is treated as having been anathema and viewed as the placing of one man in a position of reverence and power that ought to be reserved for God. T ... View more, Prayer for Guidance and Support for the KingOf Solomon.1Give the king your justice, O God,and your righteousness to a king's son.2May he judge your people wi ... View more, Government with Justice Predicted1See, a king will reign in righteousness,and princes will rule with justice.2Each will be like a hiding place from the wind, ... View more, 5For all the boots of the tramping warriorsand all the garments rolled in bloodshall be burned as fuel for the fire.6For a child has been born for us,a son g ... View more, The Peaceful Kingdom1A shoot shall come out from the stump of Jesse,and a branch shall grow out of his roots.2The spirit of the Lord shall rest on him,the sp ... View more, 10So Samuel reported all the words of the Lord to the people who were asking him for a king.11He said, “These will be the ways of the king who will reign over y ... View more, The Northern Tribes Secede1Rehoboam went to Shechem, for all Israel had come to Shechem to make him king.2When Jeroboam son of Nebat heard of it (for he was st ... View more, 27for it may be your neighbor's only clothing to use as cover; in what else shall that person sleep? Organized in chronological orders of their reigns. [31][32][33], Most biblical scholars follow either of the older chronologies established by William F. Albright or Edwin R. Thiele or the newer chronology of Gershon Galil, all of which are shown below. This article discusses such matters as the ideology and symbolism of dynastic monarchy as institutionalized in the ancient Near East. Some textual critics and biblical scholars suggest that David was actually responsible for the assassination and that his innocence was a later invention to legitimise his actions. It served primarily to fill the gap in Israelite history after the events that had been described in Deuteronomy. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of 'united monarchy' is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. Samuel’s speech to Israel in 1Sam 8:10-18 indicates that the king has the right to take men for military service; women for domestic service; and land and a tenth part of the harvest, flocks, and herds for the support of the monarchy, and to require state service by both the people and their animals. [21], In August 2015, Israeli archaeologists discovered massive fortifications in the ruins of the ancient city of Gath, supposed birthplace of Goliath. A sequence of rulers from the same family. "[12] Kenneth Kitchen reaches a similar conclusion by arguing that "the physical archaeology of tenth-century Canaan is consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its terrain. The Rights and Duties of Kingship in Israel. But the conflict in passages like I Samuel 8 above, between „YHWH king of Israel‟ and the human king is rare. He accepts the historicity of David and Solomon but cautions, "They must be seen... as local folk heroes and not as rulers of international status. Death: Killed by Jehu, the next king of Israel. However, excavation teams at Megiddo later established that the structures are from different time periods. Rights and Duties of Kingship in Israel The kings of ancient Israel and Judah exercised considerable power as Yahweh’s agents in ruling the nation, but they were also subject to Yahweh’s covenant and laws. Another highlight of I Samuel was the call of Saul as the first king of Israel and Saul's abdication of spiritual leadership, which resulted in David's being anointed King. This timeline tracks the rulers of Israel and Judah in parallel with other ancient events from 1025 B.C.E. Consequently, the kings of Israel are subject to Yhwh’s law via an earthly court. Saul dies in battle against the Philistines[citation needed] after a reign of just two years. Most of its authors knew no other political system and it influenced their work greatly. 11:8. *** Zimri killed King Elah, and became king (1 Kin 16:8-10). Kingship in Israel. Limitations of Royal Authority14When you have come into the land that the Lord your God is giving you, and have taken possession of it and settled in it, and y ... View more, Israel Demands a King1When Samuel became old, he made his sons judges over Israel.2The name of his firstborn son was Joel, and the name of his second, Abijah; ... View more, 3and keep the charge of the Lord your God, walking in his ways and keeping his statutes, his commandments, his ordinances, and his testimonies, as it is written ... View more, God's Promise to His Anointed1Why do the nations conspire,and the peoples plot in vain?2The kings of the earth set themselves,and the rulers take counsel tog ... View more, God's Promise to Zerubbabel20The word of the Lord came a second time to Haggai on the twenty-fourth day of the month:21Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, ... View more, God's Covenant with David1Now when the king was settled in his house, and the Lord had given him rest from all his enemies around him,2the king said to the pro ... View more, Saul's Unlawful Sacrifice1Saul was . [13] The most prominent in the early parts of the first book are the pro-monarchical source and the anti-monarchical source. Ps 72 calls upon G-d to grant the king divine justice and righteousness so that he might rule the people properly, and Isa 32:1-2 calls upon the king to rule in righteousness so that his officers will govern with justice (see Isa 9:5-9, Isa 11:1-9). Monarchy: Its Origin The origin and development of kingship in Israel was one of the most significant steps in its history. David is thought by scholars to have been a ruler in Judah, and Israel, which was comparatively immense and highly developed, continued unfettered. Saul, David, and Solomon were kings who ruled over a united Israelite kingdom. Answer: In the period that preceded the monarchy, Israel had no king; everyone did as he saw fit (Judges 21:25). [citation needed], The pro-monarchical source describes the divinely-appointed birth of Saul (a single word being changed by a later editor so that it referred to Samuel) and his leading of an army to victory over the Ammonites, which resulted in the clamouring of the people for him to lead them against the Philistines, when he is appointed king. Professor, Claremont School of Theology. For the remainder of his reign, he continues to suppress rebellions that arise among the people of Israel. Biblical authors claim that the kings of Israel and Judah were divinely chosen and that they were expected to abide by the covenant (see, for example, Deut 17:14-17, 1Sam 8-12, 1Kgs 2:3-4). [citation needed], This section of the biblical text and the bulk of the remainder of the Books of Samuel are thought by textual critics to belong to a single large source, known as the Court History of David. Some scholars have attributed aspects of archaeological remains excavated from this sites, including six-chambered gates and ashlar palaces, to the building programme. In contemporary scholarship the united monarchy is generally held to be a literary construction and not a historical reality, pointing to the lack of archaeological evidence. From an archaeological standpoint, the claim is considered to be plausible. All of Israel knew that Samuel was established to be a … Kingship in Israel was not instituted by divine innovation as were prophetism and the priesthood, so that from the beginning it was a reconstituted instrument and its character and prerogatives were determined by non-revelatory, non-Biblical and non-Jewish influences. [17] That is supported by Jonathan Tubb, who argues that the story of the united monarchy was fabricated as a Golden Age tale during the Babylonian Exile. It is generally accepted that a "House of David" existed, but many believe that David could have only been the monarch or chieftain of Judah, which was likely small, and that the northern kingdom was a separate development. All dates are BCE. until 721 b.c. "[6] Finkelstein and Silberman accept that David and Solomon were real kings of Judah around the 10th century BCE, but they cite the fact that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel dates to about 890 BCE and that to the Kingdom of Judah dates to about 750 BCE. Ps 2 calls the Davidic king a “son” of Yhwh. [22], In 2019, Finkelstein claimed that mounting evidence from archaeological digs has led him to believe that a united monarchy of sorts existed but under Jeroboam II, some two centuries after the reigns of David and Solomon. With time the exiled Israelites lost touch with their Jewish brethren and have since become known as the “Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.” Although reflecting the political bias of the Kingdom of Judah after the destruction of Israel, the source remains somewhat more neutral than the sources for the earlier parts of the text. Marvin A. Sweeney is professor of Hebrew Bible at the Claremont School of Theology and professor of Tanak at the Academy for Jewish Religion California. "[19], Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa, an Iron Age site in Judah, found an urbanized settlement radiocarbon dated well before scholars such as Finklestein suggest that urbanization had begun in Judah, which supports the existence of a Judahite kingdom. The kingship in Israel which lasted for four to five centuries made a great impact in her life. After Saul's death, Ishbaal rules over the Kingdom of Israel from Mahanaim, and David establishes the capital of the Kingdom of Judah in Hebron. It affected the long tradition of Yahweh as king (theocracy) in Israel. [citation needed], Solomon goes on to rebuild numerous major cities, including Megiddo, Hazor and Gezer. Some modern archaeologists believe that the area under the control of Judah and Israel, excluding the Phoenecian territories on the shore of the Mediterranean, did not exceed 34,000 square kilometres (13,000 sq mi), of which the Kingdom of Israel had about 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi). Kings of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah Kings of the Divided Kingdom of Israel and Judah In the ninth year of Hosea's reign, the king of Assyria took the Israelites from the Northern Kingdom captive and deported them to Assyria - End of the Kingdom of Israel. David, and the monarchy, and became their own kingdom ( Israel ) following the. Too many anachronisms to have been a contemporary account Chan on how the study ancient... Most one year saul as a king of ancient Israel and Judah were believed to as... 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