44-45. Upanishads. The Gentle Laughter (vihasita) should have slight sound, and sweetness, and should be suitable to the occasion, and in it eyes and cheeks should be contracted and the face joyful. 51. It has two bases: union and separation. 79. Manomohan Ghosh (Transl) (1961). The English translation of the Natyashastra, a Sanskrit work on drama, performing arts, theater, dance, music and various other topics. from body) and instrumental (vaiṇava, lit. [28] The Pathetic Sentiment relates to a condition of despair owing to the affliction under a curse, separation from dear ones, loss of wealth, death or captivity, while the Erotic Sentiment based on separation relates to a condition of retaining optimism arising out of yearning and anxiety. 1 stops at chapter 27 and contains only a preliminary version of chapters 34, 35 and 36. The Natya Shastra is a Sanskrit text on the performing arts. vācika—means words suitable for representation of the different States (bhāva) composed by the playwright. 57. soul) a bright attire; for whatever in this world is white, pure, bright and beautiful is appreciated in terms of the Durable Psychological State of love. by Bharata-muni | 1951 | 240,273 words | ISBN-13: 9789385005831. Complementary Psychological States in it are contentment, judgement, pride, agitation, energy (vega). The Comic [Sentiment] arises from the Erotic, the Pathetic from the Furious, the Marvellous from the Heroic, and the Terrible from the Odious. It owes its origin to to Rākṣasas, Dānavas and haughty men, and is caused by fights. About the Author Bharata’s Natyasastra is on encyclopaedia of Dance, Drama and Music. 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I am not able by any means to exhaust all the topics about drama; for knowledge,[2] and arts and crafts[3] connected with it are respectively manifold and endless in number. 1 The Marvellous (adbhuta) Sentiment has as its basis the Durable Psychological State of astonishment. This Sentiment is mostly to be seen in women and men of the inferior type, and it has six varieties of which I shall speak presently. Keith translates this word as ‘feeling’ or ‘emotion.’ See Skt. 2 Now one enquires, “Do the Psychological States come out of the Sentiments or the Sentiments come out of the Psychological States?” On this point, some are of opinion that they arise from their mutual contact. 59. 1. It grows from Determinants such as affliction under a curse, separation from dear ones, loss of wealth, death, captivity, flight accidents or any other misfortune. For an assumed chronology of saṃgraha, kārikā, nirukta, sūtra and bhāṣya mentioned here see S. K, De, Skt. Thus is explained [the Memorial Verse ending with] tasmān nāṭyarasā iti. See SD. For example, one who is elegantly dressed is called a lovely person (śṛṅgārin). TORRENT download. Rig vedic. They are naturally furious, for they have many arms, many mouths, standing and unkempt hairs of brown colour, and prodigious physical frame of black complexion. And the Verbal (bhāratī), the Grand (sāttvatī), the Graceful (kaiśikī) and the Energetic (ārabhaṭī) are the four Styles.[16]. Of these, the Sentiment from a sight of stool and worms is nauseating, and the sight of blood and similar objects is exciting. But the meaning is clear; for details about dharmī see XIII. nowhere explains the terms niṣpatti and saṃyoga of this definition and does not include the sthāyibhāva in it (the def.). stream Kuzemkino we can help you if you came here to download pdf. <> 18-21. p. 26). The text is attributed to sage Bharata Muni, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE, but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.. lff. The Erotic Sentiment is light green (śyāma), the Comic Sentiment white, the Pathetic (Sentiment) grey (kapota), the Furious Sentiment red, the Heroic (Sentiment) yellowish (gaura), the Terrible (Sentiment) black, the Odious (Sentiment) blue and the Marvellous (Sentiment) yellow. [ 8 9 ] ­--Natya Shastra, 28.21[96][97] Musical scale in Natya Shastra[98][99] 66. 11. in his Sr. Pr. This Comic Sentiment is of two kinds: self-centred and centred in others; and it relates to the three types of persons: superior, middling and inferior, and has thus [on the whole] six varieties. Bharatanatyam derived its name from the perfect combination of its expressions as well as from sage Bharata Muni and his Natya Shastra. that arising from making gifts, from fulfilling one’s duty (dharma) and from fighting [one’s enemy]. 27-29. āṅgikā—means Gestures of special kind defined in the śāstra; see VIII-XII. 29-30. feelings) so called, and what do they bhāvayanti (make us feel)?. This is evident from his statement - (Introductory stanza No. Now it has been asked, “If the Erotic Sentiment Has its origin in love, why does it [sometimes] manifest itself through pathetic conditions?” [In reply to this] it is said, “It has been mentioned before that the Erotic Sentiment has its basis in union as well as in separation. It is to be represented on the stage by Consequents, such as trembling of the hands and the feet, horripilation, change of colour and loss of voice. II. The Pathetic Sentiment is of three kinds, viz that arising from obstruction of lawful deeds, from loss of wealth and from bereavement. Natya Shastra is the first text that mentions rasa, amplifying it in all senses by describing sthayi bhavas (basis of expression), sancharis (elaboration of expression), dividing the rasas as ashta rasas, colours depicting the rasas and respective devatas of each rasa. uttered) briefly in a Sūtra with a minimum (lit. It is created by Determinants like hearing of unpleasant, offensive, impure and harmful things or seeing them or discussing them. Why? The thirty-three Complementary Psychological States (vyabhicāribhāva)[9] are known to be the following: discouragement, weakness, apprehension, envy, intoxication, weariness, indolence, depression, anxiety, distraction, recollection, contentment, shame, inconstancy, joy, agitation, stupor, arrogance, despair, impatience, sleep, epilepsy, dreaming, awakening, indignation, dissimulation, cruelty, assurance, sickness, insanity, death, fright and deliberation. <>>> It is created by Determinants, such as sight of heavenly beings or events, attainment of desired objects, entry into a superior mansion, temple, audience hall (sabhā), and seven-storied palace and [seeing] illusory and magical acts. Abhinavagupta followed a text of Natyasastra containing 36 chapters. See Ramaswamy Sastri, Bh. Its Complementary Psychological States are paralysis, perspiration, choking voice, horripilation, trembling, loss of voice, change of colour, fear, stupefaction, dejection, agitation, restlessness, inactivity, fear, epilepsy and death and the like. Complementery Psychological States in it are presence of mind, determination, energy, indignation, restlessness, fury, perspiration, trembling, horripilation, choking voice and the like. Now one enquires, “Is it to be assumed from the [above] statement about Rākṣasas that they only give rise to the Furious Sentiment, and that this Sentiment does not relate to others?,” [Reply]. become Sentiment). The laughter on occasions not suitable to it, the laughter with tears in one’s eyes, or with the shoulder and the head violently shaking, is called the Vulgar Laughter (apahasita). 83. Drama, p. 319, A. K. Coomaraswamy and others translate it as “mood” (loc. I. pp. The four Styles are translated by him as Eloquent (bhāratī), Grandiose (sāttvatī), Gay (kaiśikī) and Horrific (ārabhaṭī). The Nāṭyaśāstra is the world's oldest treatise on performing arts. "Natya Shastra (Chapters 1–27)". Now the Heroic (vīra) Sentiment, relates to the superior type of persons and has energy as its basis. 76. Here ends Chapter VI of Bharata’s Nāṭyaśāstra, which treats of Sentiments. 40-41. PP-25ff. The Natya Shastra discusses a wide range of topics, from issues of literary construction, to the structure of the stage or mandapa, to a detailed analysis of musical scales and movements murchhanasto an analysis of dance forms that considers several categories of body movements, and their effect on the viewer. cit.). These eight are the Sentiments named by Druhiṇa (Brahmā). If it is really an instance of textual corruption it may be said to have been sanctified by time; for Bhoja who refuted Bharata’s view on bhāvas giving rise to rasas, relied on this text. pravṛtti—Haas translates this word as ‘Local Characteristics,’ (See DR, p. 74). 37. rasa—A.K. Now the Comic (hāsya) has as its basis the Durable Psychological State of laughter. It is to be represented on the stage by Consequents, such as firmness, patience, heroism, charity, diplomacy and the like. We follow Keith’s translation (Skt. This exceptional art form can be aptly described as a poetry in motion and combines Bhava (acting), Raga (melody) and Tala(rhythm). The NŚ. Hence the theory of rasa has come to be interpreted differently in later times by Lollata, Śaṅkuka, (Bhaṭṭa) Nāyaka and Abhinavagupta. The Heroic Sentiment is likewise of three kinds, viz. 39. When subjects taught in detail have been compressed and brought together in [a number of] Sūtras and their Bhāṣyas (commentary), these constitute according to the learned a Digest. %���� 3 0 obj Just as a tree grows from a seed, and flowers and fruits from a tree, to the Sentiments are the source (lit. The reading of this passage seems to be confused. Is there any instance [parallel to it], [Yes], it is said that, as taste (rasa) results from a combination of various spices, vegetables and other articles, and as six tastes are produced by articles such as, raw sugar or spices or vegetables, so the Durable Psychological States (sthāyibhāva), when they come together with various other Psychological States, attain the quality of a Sentiment (i.e. The first chapter of the Nāṭyaśāstra gives a semi-historical and mostly fictional account of the creation of the work. [23] For in this connexion there are two traditional couplets: 32-33. endobj It was also intended as a guide to the poet and to the performer, alike. On these points there are two traditional Āryās: 73. This is [the character of] natural fear; the artificially shown fear also should be represented by these conditions. Just as persons are named, after the profession of their father, mother or family in accordance with the traditional authority, so the Sentiments, the Psychological States and other objects connected with drama are given names in pursuance of the practice and the traditional authority. 52. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. 68. 2 (1961) are included in the web version whereas vol. Just as a combination of auxiliary cooked eatables (vyañjana) and rice, imparts good taste to the food [in totality], so the Psychological States and the Sentiments cause one another to manifest themselves (bhāvayanti). Songs which relate to Dhruvās are of five kinds:[21] entering (praveśa), casual (ākṣepa), going out (niskrama), pleasing (prāsādika) and intermediate (āntara). dharmī—This word has not been very correctly used. This (the Comic Sentiment) is to be represented on the stage by Consequents like the throbbing of the lips, the nose and the cheek, opening the eyes wide or contracting them, perspiration, colour of the face, and taking hold of the sides. has also a definition of sattva which is as follows: “dehātmakaṃ bhavet sattvam” (XXIV. Aitareya; Kaushitaki; Sama vedic. endobj Now the Sentiment is produced (rasa-niṣpattiḥ) from a combination (saṃyoga)[22] of Determinants (vibhāva), Consequents (anubhāva) and Complementary Psychological States (vyabhicāri-bhāva). Traditionally assigned to Bharata Muni, a legendary sage, Natya Shastra is one among the famous trio of India, the other two being Kautalya’s Artha Shastra and Vatsyayana’s Kama Shastra. 9. Natya Shastra Pdf Yoga Shastra Wikipedia Of all works consisting of sacrifices, or rituals, or control of conduct, or harmlessness, or liberality, or the study of the Vedas; this alone is the highest (duty) that one should see the by yoga.— 8. 17. The Marvellous Sentiment is of two kinds, viz. takes sattva to be connected with manas. 74. Poetics, Vol. vocabularies), and the rules of grammatical interpretation, includes the significance of the root involved as well as the reasons modifying it, and is helped by various findings [of Śāstras], and this meaning [of a noun] is established [mainly] from a consideration of its root [and pratyaya or affix]. Explain how the Sentiments enumerated by experts in dramatic art attain their [special] qualities. The title is a combination of two Sanskrit words – Natya and Shastra. [In reply] it is said that just as well-disposed persons while eating food cooked with many kinds of spice, enjoy (āsvādayanti) its tastes, and attain pleasure and satisfaction, so the cultured people taste the Durable Psychological States while they see them represented by an expression of the various Psychological States with Words, Gestures and the Sattva, and derive pleasure and satisfaction. Bhoja criticises this view of the author of the NŚ. This is to be represented on the stage by means of Consequents such as, shedding tears, lamentation, dryness of the mouth, change of colour, drooping limbs, being out of breath, loss of memory and the like. The Natya Shastra is incredibly wide in its scope. 78. During the Laughter of Ridicule (upahasita) the nose should be expanded, eyes should be squinting, and the shoulder and the head should be bent. meaning) is explained (lit. 38. Terror is characterized by looseness of the limbs, the mouth and the eyes, paralysis of the thighs, looking around with uneasiness, dryness of the drooping mouth, palpitation of the heart and horripilation. Comic situations which may arise in the course of a play, for persons of the superior, middling or inferior type are thus to be given expression to. “No, in case of others too, this Sentiment may arise. SINGLE PAGE PROCESSED JP2 ZIP download. <> Our vast collection, at ExoticIndia, includes a variety of exclusive Books on Indian Performing Arts. And the Comic and the Terrible Sentiments are likewise of three kinds, viz, of limbs, dress and words. The Success[18] in the dramatic performance is of two kinds: divine (daivikī) and human (mānuṣī). The Psychological States are so called by experts it drama, for they make one feel (bhāvayanti) the Sentiments in connexion with various modes of dramatic representation. It is apparent that the Sentiments arise from the Psychological States and not the Psychological States from the Sentiments. And as it is not possible to treat exhaustively (lit. The Pathetic Sentiment arises from seeing the death of a beloved person, or from hearing something very unpleasant, and these are its Determinants. 71. Coomaraswamy is for translating the word as ‘flavour’ (M G. p. 17). p. 26. And this is the reason why the Erotic Sentiment includes conditions available in all other Sentiments. Āvanti, Dākṣinātyā, Oḍramāgadhī and Pañcālamadhyamā are the four Local Usages (pravṛtti)[17] in a dramatic performance. This is created by Determinants, such as presence of mind, perseverance, diplomacy, discipline, military strength, aggressiveness, reputation of might, influence and the like. Haas translates vṛttis as Styles of Procedure (DR. p. 67). Viśvanātha in his SD. Whatever they attempt, be it their speech, movement of limbs or any other effort, is by nature furious. 60. And the Sentiment called Erotic is generally happy, connected with desired objects, enjoyment of seasons, garlands and similar other things, and it relates to [the union of] man and woman. The Erotic Sentiment arises in connexion with favourable seasons, garlands, ornaments, enjoyment of the company of beloved ones, music and poetry, and going to the garden and roaming there. 28ff. —Polly Berrien Berends (20th century) “ Weigh what loss your honor may sustain If with too credent ear you list his songs, Or lose your heart, or your chaste treasure open To his unmastered importunity. The Natya Shastra (Sanskrit: ????? Their Smile (hasita) should be distinguished by blooming eyes, face and cheeks, and in it teeth should be slightly visible. Now the Pathetic (karuṇa) Sentiment arises from the Durable Psychological State of sorrow. 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