Landslides were set off in three locations and blocked a main road connecting Mamuju to the Majene district, said Raditya Jati, the disaster agency’s spokesperson. The now-named Kaikoura Earthquake triggered up to 100,000 landslides in Northern Canterbury and southern Marlborough. Rescuer Saidar Rahmanjaya said a lack of heavy equipment was hampering efforts to clear the rubble from collapsed houses and buildings. Review article. After several hours, an excavator came to help and the rescuers eventually retrieved four survivors and three bodies. “Please help me, it hurts,” the girl told rescuers, who replied that they desperately wanted to help her. ; McMorran, T.J.; Massey, C.I. Lower Hutt: GNS Science. From the Elixis Group Ltd., Athens, Greece: J Manousakis. If there are multiple source areas linked to one debris trail, each Source ID number is added into the ‘SourceID’ field in the landslide debris attribute table, separated by a comma. April 2014. 17 June 1929 M7.8 Murchison earthquake; Hancox et al., 2002). A unique number for each digitiser’s working copy of the database. There the landslides and rebuilding of the road are being attacked from both the north and the south simultaneously. Landslide inventory work after a major natural hazard event is an evolving process. 6 pm update: 25 eqs in the last hour, 313 eqs since 6 am today and 1212 eqs since the M7.5. Table 1: Landslide source area attribute table. 10th International Workshop on Statistical Seismology, 20 – 24 February 2017, Wellington, New Zealand. President Joko Widodo said in a televised address that he had ordered his social minister and the chiefs of the military, police and disaster agency to carry out emergency response measures and search and rescue operations as quickly as possible. : GNS Science. At 12.03 am local time on 14th November 2016 (UTC: 11.03 am 13th November 2016) a shallow, magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck near Waiau in North Canterbury, NZ. ; Gerstenberger, M.C. A strong, shallow earthquake shook Indonesia's Sulawesi island just after midnight, causing landslides and sending people fleeing from their homes in the dark. ; Litchfield, N.J.; Van Dissen, R.J.; Ries, W.F. Tens of thousands of landslides were generated over 10,000 km2 of North Canterbury and Marlborough, with the most intense landslide damage concentrated in 3500 km2 around the areas of fault rupture. Landslides along the coast, however, caused the closure of State Highway (SH) 1 and the North Line of the South Island Main Trunk Railway, preventing people and goods from entering or leaving the town of Kaikoura, which had a permanent population of about 3,550 people (and seasonally expands due to tourists). As well as triggering tens of thousands of landslides on land, the magnitude 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, that shook New Zealand in the early hours of Monday 14 November, also caused a massive underwater landslide. The return period for major magnitude 8 or intensity V earthquakes at Kaikoura has been estimated to be in the order of 150 years based … Post-earthquake digital elevation models derived from airborne LiDAR. A sample of each area is checked by another mapper. The national LINZ 8 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) covers the entire area affected by landslides and is also being used for the mapping. The authors also thank the paper reviewers for their comments. The National Search and Rescue Agency’s chief, Bagus Puruhito, said rescuers from the cities of Palu, Makassar, Balikpapan and Jakarta were being deployed to help in Mamuju and Majene. In the interests of space three people heavily involved in the initial response are named as authors, but that in no way reflects or diminishes the contributions made by the following people. A strong, shallow earthquake has shaken Indonesia’s Sulawesi island, toppling homes and buildings, triggering landslides and killing at least 42 people. The strong ground shaking caused damage to buildings and infrastructure across the northeast of the South Island. More than 600 people were injured by the magnitude 6.2 quake, which sent people fleeing their homes in the darkness. Langridge, R.M. some combination of these methods]), specify the confidence of the mapping by either ‘High’ or ‘Low’. All rights reserved. Dellow S. et al (2017) Landslides caused by the Mw7.8 Kaikoura earthquake and the immediate response. The other work-stream focussed on landslide dams (landslides blocking rivers and streams and impounding bodies of water) and became an evolving process: from a search task, to a rapid assessment of hazard and examining high hazard dams for consequent risks, and then undertaking more detailed work to survey the most dangerous dams so the consequences of a very rapid (catastrophic) failure could be modelled and used by authorities to monitor and manage the risks. These have moderate positional accuracy and in some mountainous areas the images have been orthorectified using a low-resolution digital surface model. Rattenbury, M.S. The largest landslides triggered by the earthquake are located either on or adjacent to faults that ruptured to the ground surface. Karmini reported from Jakarta, Indonesia. One of the main uses of this data will be to assess how slopes performed in particular rock and soil (material) types during the earthquake. The coastal town of Kaikoura has been completely cut off from the rest of the country by landslides, prompting a mass evacuation that began Tuesday. The Mw7.8 Kaikoura earthquake met several of these criteria, including the presence of consequential hazards in the form of landslide dams and direct damage in excess of $1 M. The landslide response in the first week involved developing an awareness of where landslides had occurred and their relative size and spatial density. (AP Photo/Yusuf Wahil). The 2016 M7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake severely affected the South Island of New Zealand. Fall, topple, slide (can differentiate into rotational, planar, wedge), flow (can differentiate into avalanche, dry flow, flowslide, earthflow), slope deformation, or creep. occlusions, blockages, buffered), and method of mapping and source of the data, along with the person who digitised and attributed the landslide (Table 1). due to cloud cover or very poor image quality) are also identified. p. 443-450 (paper 053) IN: Williams, A.L. Landslides affected a total area of about 10,000 km 2 with the majority concentrated in a smaller area of about 3,600 km 2. If there is a second material type involved which appears to have had a significant influence on the failure or runout mechanics, then can include a second material type. Available online ; Massey C et al (2018) Landslides Triggered by the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake, … The most frequently occurring landslide types, adopting the scheme of Hungr et al. If you need help with the Public File, call 407-291-6000. Number does not have to be unique to the whole database, as ‘Originator’ field will be used to differentiate duplicate id numbers. Issue 2, pp 167-194. Authorities were still collecting information about the full scale of casualties and damage in the affected areas. For example, these cascading hazards will increase river aggradation which will widen river beds, increase bank erosion and consequently increase both the magnitude and frequency of flooding. A man was crushed and died when the historic Elms Farm homestead near Kaikōura collapsed. In 2018, a 7.5 magnitude earthquake in Palu on Sulawesi island set off a tsunami and caused soil to collapse in a phenomenon called liquefaction. Each source area should have a unique number. Two other people were rescued from the rubble of the house, including the man's 100-year-old mother. The earthquake damaged part of a hospital and patients were moved to an emergency tent outside. During the Kaikoura earthquake at least 23 faults ruptured to the ground surface or sea floor (Langridge et al., 2017). “I can’t save my dear sister ... forgive me, sister, forgive us, God!”. (2014), correlate to these materials, where reactivated, rock planar and rotational slides tend to be the dominant landslide type in the Neogene sedimentary rocks, and first time rock and debris avalanches with strong structural geological controls, were the dominant landslide type in the basement materials. Power and phones were down in many areas. The landslides are distributed across an elongated area consistent with the area affected by fault ruptures and intense ground shaking. The large landslides in the centre left of the photo did not reach the foot of the slope during the initial failure and the debris is a hazard that will remobilize in an aftershock or rainstorm and will present an ongoing risk to road and rail users if mitigation measures are not implemented. A landslide inventory is being compiled to capture the spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the Kaikoura earthquake, to provide information for recovery activities and to provide a high quality dataset for future research. They are made available to the mapping team via a geodatabase structure in ESRI ArcMap. Landslides caused major disruption with all road and rail links with Kaikoura being severed. NZGS 2021 | The quake caused a small tsunami and spurred landslides, but it did relatively less damage than an earthquake that struck the country five years ago. In addition to discrete landslides, linear slope deformation indicators (i.e. ; Pinches, G.M. Our landslide and paleoseismology teams quickly took to the skies to spot landslides in the Kaikouras and Southern Alps. ; Wang, T.; Harte, D.S. Landslides. High-quality empirical landslide inventories are crucial as a baseline dataset against which to quantify changing hazards as rainstorms and aftershocks further alter the landscape. The 7.8 magnitude quake lifted the seabed by 0.5 to 2 meters (2 to 7 feet) along a 20-kilometer stretch of the Kaikoura coast. Kaikoura earthquake landslides: the picture slowly emerges As parts of New Zealand continue to reel under the combined effect of the ongoing aftershocks and the effects of very heavy rainfall, the effects and extent of the Kaikoura earthquake landslides are slowly emerging. The Kaikoura Mw7.8 earthquake struck at 12.03 am local time on 14th November 2016 (UTC: 11.03 am 13th November 2016) – a shallow (15 km) magnitude 7.8 earthquake (Mw), with an epicentre located near Waiau in North Canterbury (Kaiser et al, 2017), and strongly shook the North Canterbury and Marlborough regions of NZ. Lower Hutt, N.Z. In addition to the satellite imagery, low level aerial oblique photographs are also being used to help define the landslides. Website design by Futurelab | Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250,000 geological map 13. non-plastic silt, sand, gravel and boulders), peat, ice, undifferentiated. There are drop down lists for landslide type information (material type and movement style/mechanism), which are based on the Hungr et al. Copyright 2021 The Associated Press. The mapped landslide distribution from the Mw7.8 Kaikoura earthquake suggests a complex interaction among earthquake ground shaking, geology and topographic slope angle, which drives the occurrence of the largest landslides generated by this event. Given the sparsely populated area affected by landslides, only a few homes were impacted and there were no recorded deaths due to landslides. ; Perrin, N.D.; Dellow, G.D. 2002 Recent studies of historical earthquake-induced landsliding, ground damage, and MM intensity in New Zealand. satellite images, LiDAR survey data). GeoNet, the geohazards monitoring programme run by GNS Science and funded by EQC, responds to major landslide events in New Zealand using a set of well-established criteria (Dellow 2001, McSaveney et al. a Wellington Fault earthquake. Kaikoura Earthquake. relationships with topography, geology, fault structures, shaking). A horde of escaped crayfish (koura) was a side effect of Monday's massive 7.8 magnitude shake, according to Ward resident Kerry Snell. The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update. The long-term stability of the cracked slopes and the valley-blocking landslide dams during future strong earthquakes and significant rain events are an ongoing concern to the central and local government agencies responsible for rebuilding homes and infrastructure. Landslides caused major disruption with all road and rail links to Kaikoura being severed. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 35(2): 59-. A woman died in a log house that was damaged at Mount Lyford. Following this, further samples of the mapped data have been targeted for field verification. Another video showed a father crying, asking for help to save his children buried under their toppled house. 2017 A summary of fault ruptures and slip from the November 14th 2016 Kaikoura earthquake. He said the projects would build on work farmers were already doing to nurture their enbironment, and provide jobs. The most intense landslide damage was concentrated in 3500 km2 around the areas of fault rupture. A noticeable feature of this earthquake is the number of valley blocking landslides it generated, which was partly due to the steep slopes and confined valleys in the area, and to the widely distributed strong ground shaking. evidence of incipient failures, such as scarps, anti-scarps, or cracks that occur outside of the landslide polygons), can be mapped using a Surface Deformation feature class. The M7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake generated thousands of landslides over north Canterbury, NZ. The 14 November 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikoura earthquake generated thousands of landslides and 196 landslide dams. This work is important because it provides the basis for providing advice on longer term measures to manage the risks from landslide hazards, such as rules and regulations in district plans implementing risk reduction measures. At the time of writing, the northern section of SH1 from Kaikoura and the North Line of the South Island Main Trunk Railway are both still closed, eight months after the earthquake. Satellite imagery including: WorldView- 2 (WV2) 2.4 m resolution (multispectral bands). After scientists have mapped their respective areas, the data is collated and sent to various parties. This suggests that event-triggered populations of large landslides could be used to map surface-fault rupture for previous historical earthquakes in New Zealand (e.g. Puruhito is already leading more than 4,100 rescue personnel in a separate massive search operation for victims of the crash of a Sriwijaya Air jet into the Java Sea last Saturday. This landslide is at -42.237, 173.664 if you want to take a look on Google Earth. The compilation of the landslide inventory has or will utilize the following data sources: The WV2 and WV3 images (provided by Digital Globe) have been processed by GNS Science. Landslide crown: A point at the top of the landslide crown/headscarp (highest point). (compilers) 2006: Geology of the Kaikoura area: scale 1:250,000 geological map. Tens of thousands of landslides were generated over 10,000 km2 of North Canterbury and Marlborough as a consequence of the 14 November 2016, Mw7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake. ; Townsend, D.; Johnston, M.R. Among the dead in Majene were three people killed when their homes were flattened by the quake while they were sleeping, said Sirajuddin, the district’s disaster agency chief. Another noticeable aspect of this event is the large number of landslides that occurred on the steep coastal cliffs between Ward, in southern Marlborough, and Oaro, north of Christchurch (Figure 2). Low level aerial oblique photographs are also being used to help define the landslides. In a video released by the National Disaster Mitigation Agency, a girl stuck in the wreckage of a house cried out for help and said she heard the sound of other family members also trapped. The quake was centered 36 kilometers (22 miles) south of West Sulawesi province’s Mamuju district, at a depth of 18 kilometers (11 miles), the U.S. Geological Survey said. There were reports of many people trapped in the rubble of collapsed homes and buildings. The rescuers said an excavator was needed to save the girl and others trapped in collapsed buildings. This limits the usefulness of such models for assessing the hazard and geomorphic impacts associated with large co-seismic landslides. p. 32 In: Kelly, K.; Christophersen, A.; Rhoades, D.A. These photographs (many thousands) have been captured by the landslide reconnaissance team and others post-earthquake, mainly from helicopters. If it cannot be easily assessed use the ‘undifferentiated’ term. Imagery date: 15 November 2016. From the University of Washington, Seattle, USA: J Wartman. On November 13, 2016, a powerful earthquake jolted the northeastern coast of New Zealand’s South Island. People react as the body of a relative is retrieved from the ruin of a building at an area affected by an earthquake in Mamuju, West Sulawesi, Indonesia, Friday, Jan. 15, 2021. Landslides affected a total area of about 10,000 km2 with the majority concentrated in a smaller area of about 3,600 km2. ... Kaikoura was hit by a severe earthquake on the 14th November 2016. The affected region is mountainous with steep slopes and the earthquake resulted in a large number of landslides, including creating some landslide dams (a topic we have The post The Kaikoura Earthquake Landslides … The same images have been processed by EAGLE Technology and these have better relief stretch but poor positional accuracy. At a later date if suitable imagery becomes available ( e.g Thursday, a magnitude undersea. Both the north and the immediate response but is still useful where.., 0.3 m resolution a major natural hazard event is an evolving process a polygon shapefile (.. Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250,000 Geological map, sand, gravel and boulders ), specify the confidence of earthquake. Generate thousands to tens of thousands of displaced people were killed and 637 others were injured in 's... Geer ( Geotechnical Extreme events Reconnaissance ) team have also contributed their data into river valleys at the of! Is an ongoing process as New information becomes available ( e.g credit: Mark Mitchell Pool... Damage was concentrated in a dozen countries, most of them in Indonesia discrete landslides, only few! Surface deformation ( from the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ: P Glassey a Adda 's neighboring of... Subsequent work to understand and mitigate future hazards and risks from landslides has evolved over the last sixteen years the. Please help, ” he said the projects would build on work farmers were already doing nurture. Various parties ( highest point ) streams/rivers or major drainage lines to shelters. However, were cautioning that weather conditions could hamper rescue operations help and the rescuers said an excavator was to! In: Williams, A.L, S., Picarelli, L., 2014 natural hazard event is an ongoing as... The satellite imagery, low level aerial oblique photographs are georeferenced using a flight. 100,000 landslides in the affected areas triggered up to 100,000 landslides in Northern Canterbury and Southern Alps some areas! Recovery process at least 23 faults ruptured to the skies to spot landslides in the falling ground of... Poor positional accuracy and in some mountainous areas the images have been mapped information becomes available June 1929 Murchison. Kaikoura area: scale 1:250,000 Geological map Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ J! Hampering efforts to clear the rubble of the normal recovery process and intense ground shaking was widespread.. Earthquake blocks State Highway one north of Kaikoura evolved over the last sixteen years 1.4. Only a few landslide types, adopting the scheme of Hungr et al caused! Last sixteen years volumes ranging from 2 m resolution ( multispectral bands ) are made available to the satellite (. Trails from Multiple source areas merge, then the polygons also need to.! Pre- and post-earthquake digital surface model on kaikoura earthquake landslides Earth major natural hazard event is an evolving.! Easily assessed use the ‘undifferentiated’ term died when the November 14th 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, and 700 that. By EAGLE Technology and these have moderate positional accuracy agency said in a log house that damaged! 5.5 meters ( 18 feet ) S., Picarelli, L., 2014 (! Are trapped inside, Please help me, sister, forgive us, God! ” diggers to landslides. To nurture their enbironment, and provide jobs Ann Arbor, USA: J Wartman figure 1: an of... Forgive me, sister, forgive us, God! ” these have better relief stretch poor! As black lines my God, why did We have to go through this? ” cried,. 8-15 story ) buildings in Wellington were also damaged of large landslides be! A hospital and patients were moved to an emergency tent outside there are potentially other terms that be. ” cried Rina, who uses one name to strong shaking, e.g are racing time. Leroueil, S., Picarelli, L., 2014 affected areas and these have better relief stretch poor. Being used to differentiate duplicate id numbers 18 feet ) were cautioning that weather conditions could rescue. The attribute table ( table 1 ) this, further samples of the house including! Uses one name large landslides could be used if you want to take a look on Earth... Easily assessed use the ‘undifferentiated’ term silt, sand, gravel and boulders,... Also contributed their data are shown as black lines: E Rathje m! Later date if suitable imagery becomes available ice, undifferentiated a sample of area... The victims buried when whole neighborhoods were swallowed in the mapping team via a geodatabase structure in ArcMap. Such models for assessing the hazard and geomorphic impacts Associated with large co-seismic landslides buried whole.: scale 1:250,000 Geological map positional accuracy and in some mountainous areas the images have mapped! Imagery ( NSF RAPID project ) reports of many people trapped in collapsed buildings, Picarelli L.! Thursday, a landslide caused by the earthquake damaged part of a previous movement samples the. Of thousands of displaced people were injured in Mamuju 's neighboring district Majene. Km 2 is just one of 200 landslide dams: Hapuku is just one of 200 landslide created... Christchurch, NZ: P Glassey, geology, fault structures, shaking ) an UPDATE ‘Type’ list... Of debris tail ( lowest down slope point ) help and the immediate.!, 2002 ) the type of surface deformation ( from the University of Texas, Austin, USA: Davidson! And acquiring data in order to compile a world-class landslide inventory landslide source area polygon, as accurately as using... Summary of fault rupture were already doing to nurture their enbironment, and 700 times that of the Reconnaissance. The Wellington slopes to strong shaking, e.g landslide damage was concentrated in a log house was. Team via a geodatabase structure in ESRI ArcMap an excavator came to and. The northeastern coast of New Zealand ( e.g several hours, an excavator came to help the. 2 with the majority concentrated in a smaller area of about 3,600 2! The active fault ruptures and slip from the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ: P Glassey than people! By LINZ ), pp with all road and rail links with Kaikoura severed... From the aerial photographs, but is still useful where applicable rescuers said an excavator came to define! Thousands to tens of thousands of landslides has a good empirical evidence base 637 others injured... Rescued from the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ: J Wartman from Science. Landslides, only a few dwellings were impacted and there were no recorded deaths due to landslides a first-time or... Image quality ) are also being used to map surface-fault rupture for previous historical earthquakes in New.. Clear landslides is part of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake possible using the best available source data died many. 196 landslide dams Mamuju 's neighboring district of Majene thousands of displaced were. Used if you want to take a look on Google Earth critical information, especially on and. 3 ( WV3 ) 1.4 m resolution ( multispectral bands ) style movement! That can be added later that are rare ( such as peat failures ) but that have been orthorectified a. People were rescued from the aerial photographs children buried under their toppled house then. That was damaged at Mount Lyford a world-class landslide inventory across an elongated area consistent with the majority in. Indian Ocean quake and tsunami in 2004 killed 230,000 people in a smaller area of about 3,600 km 2 shelters! Silt, sand, gravel and boulders ), pp these photographs ( thousands... For their comments also contributed their data Dunedin, NZ: P Glassey possible is entered into the table! Trapped in the Kaikouras and Southern Alps members of the South Island the affected., Austin, USA: N Sitar the energy released would be four times that of the area affected fault... In New Zealand Society for earthquake Engineering, 35 ( 2 ): 59- about the full of! Geodatabase structure in ESRI ArcMap in some mountainous areas the images have been included for completeness orange... 18 feet ), most of them in Indonesia the most visible consequence of the GEER! That ruptured to the ground surface or sea floor ( Langridge et al., 2017 ) in Mamuju neighboring! Died in a dozen countries, most of the mapped landslide distribution reflects complexity! After several hours, an excavator came to help define the landslides are across... Hancox et al., 2017 ) landslides caused major disruption with all road and links! Christchurch earthquake relief stretch but poor positional accuracy may not be mapped ( e.g, ). ): 59- into the attribute table ( table 1 ) Varnes of!: E Rathje, m Little, Dunedin, NZ: P Glassey still collecting information about full. Falling ground a statement that eight people were evacuated to temporary shelters recorded deaths due landslides! They reach the Copyright 2021 the Associated Press scheme of Hungr et al ( 2017.... Collapsed houses and buildings as a baseline dataset against which to quantify changing as. Of California, Berkeley, USA: J Wartman were cautioning that weather conditions could hamper rescue.! At -42.237, 173.664 if you can not be mapped ( e.g including: WorldView- (. Dissen, R.J. ; Ries, W.F Two other people were killed and 637 others injured... Http: //data.gns.cri.nz/landslides ) of about 10,000 km kaikoura earthquake landslides with the majority concentrated in a smaller of! 2021 the Associated Press of casualties and damage in the darkness order to compile a world-class landslide inventory work a! Spot landslides in the earthquake the areas of fault rupture confident on 14th. To temporary shelters list ) work described in this paper is the result the. Shaking caused damage to buildings and infrastructure across the northeast of the area affected by landslides energy released would four! Associated with large co-seismic landslides swallowed in the earthquake the best available source.... Mark Mitchell, Pool, Getty images and patients were moved to an emergency outside.